Yo-Yo Ma
“Culture
doesn’t end”
It is
not transactional
Music
gives meaning
http://beyondrisk.blogspot.ca/2016/12/yo-yo-ma-culture-doesnt-end.html
http://www.yo-yoma.com/
Saturday, December 31, 2016
Thursday, December 29, 2016
KERRY REBUKES ISRAEL, CALLING SETTLEMENTS A THREAT TO PEACE
Kerry Rebukes Israel,
The New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/politics/john-kerry-israel-palestine-peace.html?_r=0
Monday, December 26, 2016
SO, WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER?
SO, WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER?
.
SO, WHAT IS A
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER? WHO IS HE? HOW
SMART (INTELLIGENT) IS HE? WHAT IS HIS CONTRIBUTION TO HIS SOCIETY?
,
HERE IS WHO AND WHAT HE IS
EVERY MANUFACTURED PRODUCT WE ARE ACCUSTOMED TO USING HAS
BEEN DESIGNED BY A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
.
.
The word engineer (from the Latin ingeniator[3]) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive,
devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").[4][5]
.
Professional Engineer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
.
FOR EVERYTHING YOU
EVER WANTED TO KNOW AND NEVER ASKED
HERE IT IS ............
Engineer
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Occupation
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Names
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Engineer
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Occupation type
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Activity sectors
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Description
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Competencies
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Mathematics
and scientific
knowledge, art and design, analytical and critical thinking,
engineering ethics
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Education required
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Related jobs
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Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.
.
The word engineer (from the Latin ingeniator[3]) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive,
devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").[4][5]
The foundation education of an
engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline plus
4–6 years peer reviewed professional practice.
.
The work of engineers
forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications
to human needs and quality of life.[1]
.
Definition
.
In 1960, the Conference of
Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America
defined "professional engineer" as follows:[6]
A professional engineer is
competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the
scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering
problems.
.
He/she is able to assume personal
responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and
knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing,
superintending, managing and in the education of the engineer.
In 1960, the Conference of
Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America
defined "professional engineer" as follows:
A professional engineer is
competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the
scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering
problems.
.
He/she is able to assume
personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering
science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction,
manufacturing, superintending, managing and in the education of the engineer.
.
His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character.
.
It requires the exercise of
original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical and
administrative work of others.
.
His/her education will have been
such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress
in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on
a worldwide basis, assimilating such information and applying it independently.
.
He/she is thus placed in a
position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its
applications.
.
His/her education and training
will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general
appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the
special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give
authoritative technical advice and to assume responsibility for the direction
of important tasks in his/her branch.
.
Roles and expertise
.
Design
.
Engineers develop new
technological solutions. During the engineering
design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining
problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and
analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent
on researching,
locating, applying, and transferring information.[7]
Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various
information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.[8]
.
Engineers must weigh different
design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the
requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and
interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.
.
Analysis
.
Engineers apply techniques of engineering
analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may
supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a
process failure, and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and
cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible
for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the
application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the
properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study.
Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the
mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of
the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and re-combining the
components. They may analyze
risk.[9][10][11][12]
Many engineers use computers to
produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or
system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality
of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.
.
Specialization and
management
.
Most engineers specialize in one
or more engineering
disciplines.[1]
Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the
major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for
example, includes structural and transportation engineering, and materials
engineering includes ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Engineers
also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of
technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.[1]
.
Several recent studies have
investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they
perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research[8][13]
suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work: (1)
technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development); (2)
social work (i.e., interactive communication between people); (3)
computer-based work; (4) information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed
findings, a recent work sampling
study[13]
found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work,
40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there
was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers
spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in
technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in
non-technical and non-social.
.
Engineering is also an
information intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8%
of their time engaged in various different information behaviours, including
14.2% actively seeking
information from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as
documents and databases (6.4%).[8]
.
The time engineers spend engaged
in such activities is also reflected in the competencies
required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers’ core technical
competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their
personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to
success in the role.[14]
.
Types of engineers
.
There are many branches of
engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products.
Typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in
related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically includes
introductory courses in electrical engineering and software engineering
.
When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly.
.
|
Branch
|
Technologies
|
Related
Sciences
|
Products
|
|
focuses on building and
construction
| |||
|
Focuses on the manufacturing of
chemicals and
chemical production processes.
|
Chemicals, Petroleum,
Medicines, Raw Materials
| ||
|
Focuses on the construction of
large systems and structures.
| |||
|
Focuses on the design of
electrical systems and circuitry.
| |||
|
Focuses on the design,
optimization, and operation of production, logistics, and service systems and
processes.
|
Operations
Research, Engineering
Statistics, Applied
Probability and Stochastic
Processes, Methods
Engineering, Production
Engineering, Manufacturing
Engineering, Logistics
Engineering, Ergonomics
|
Quality
Control Systems, Manufacturing
Systems, Warehousing
Systems, Supply Chains,
Logistics Networks,
Queueing
Systems
| |
|
Focuses on the technology and
controlling all the industrial field
| |||
|
Focuses on the development and
operation of Energy Systems, Transport
Systems, Manufacturing
Systems, Machines and Control Systems.
|
Dynamics,
Statics, Fluid Mechanics,
Thermodynamics,
Mechanics, Mechatronics, Manufacturing
Engineering
| ||
|
Focuses on extraction of metals
from its ores and development of new materials
|
Material
Science, Thermodynamics,
Extraction of Metals, Physical Metallurgy, Mechanical Metallurgy, Nuclear
Materials, Steel Technology
| ||
|
Focuses on the design and
development of Computer
Hardware & Software
Systems
| |||
|
Focuses on the design &
development of Software
Systems
| |||
|
Focuses on the design &
development of mathematical
models
|
.
Ethics
.
Engineers have obligations to the
public, their clients, employers, and the profession. Many engineering
societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide
members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and
professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to
uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by
specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the
principles of business ethics.[15][16][17]
.
Some graduates of
engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the Iron Ring or Engineer's Ring,
a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn on the little finger of the
dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada with The
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, where the ring serves as a symbol and
reminder of the engineer's obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972,
the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including
members of the Order of
the Engineer
..
Education
.
Most engineering programs involve
a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in
both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include
courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, often
accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the
curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to
engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are
required.
.
Accreditation
is the process by which engineering programs are evaluated by an external body
to determine if applicable standards are met. The Washington
Accord serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic
engineering degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency
in the standards set by many major national engineering bodies. In the United
States, post-secondary degree programs in engineering are accredited by the Accreditation
Board for Engineering and Technology.
.
Regulation
.
In many countries, engineering
tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial
equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed
professional engineer. Most commonly titled Professional
Engineer is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal
letters; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European
Engineer (EUR ING) in
Europe. The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated profession but
the control of the titles of Chartered
Engineer (CEng) and Incorporated
Engineer (IEng) is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are
subject to strict requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title
CEng is in use in much of the Commonwealth.
.
Many skilled / semi-skilled
trades and engineering
technicians in the UK call themselves engineers. A growing movement in the
UK is to legally protect the title 'Engineer' so that only professional
engineers can use it; a petition[18]
was started to further this cause.
.
In the United States, licensure
is generally attainable through combination of education,
pre-examination (Fundamentals
of Engineering exam), examination (Professional Engineering Exam),[19]
and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state
tests and licenses Professional
Engineers. Currently most states do not license by specific engineering
discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to
use professional judgement regarding their individual competencies; this is the
favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, however, at
least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a
particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category
of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise.
.
In Canada, the profession in each
province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the
Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of
post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in
ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional
Engineers and Geoscientists (APEGBC)[20]
in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional
designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering.
.
In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who both hold an engineering degree and have passed a professional qualification examination (Esame di Stato). In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the Ordem dos Engenheiros. In the Czech Republic, the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (masters) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI).
.
Perception
|
|
|
Differences among
countries]
.
The perception and definition of
engineer varies across countries and continents. British school children in the
1950s were brought up with stirring tales of "the Victorian
Engineers", chief amongst whom were the Brunels,
the Stephensons,
Telford and
their contemporaries. In the UK, "engineering" was more recently perceived
as an industry sector consisting of employers and employees loosely termed
"engineers" who included the semi-skilled trades. However, the
21st-century view, especially amongst the more educated members of society, is
to reserve the term Engineer to describe a university-educated practitioner of
ingenuity represented by the Chartered (or Incorporated) Engineer. However, a
large proportion of the UK public still sees Engineers as semi skilled
tradespeople with a high school education.
.
In the US and Canada, engineering
is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and
governed by law.
.
A 2002 study by the Ontario
Society of Professional Engineers revealed that engineers are the third most
respected professionals behind doctors and pharmacists.[21]
,
In the Indian
subcontinent, Russia, Middle East,
Africa, and China, engineering is
one of the most sought after undergraduate courses, inviting thousands of
applicants to show their ability in highly competitive entrance examinations.
.
In Egypt, the educational
system makes engineering the second-most-respected profession in the
country (after medicine); engineering colleges at Egyptian
universities require extremely high marks on the General Certificate of
Secondary Education (Arabic: الثانوية العامة al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah)—on the order of 97 or 98%—and
are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and
pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" (كليات القمة kullīyāt al-qimmah).
.
In the Philippines and Filipino
communities overseas, engineers who are either Filipino or not, especially
those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and
introduced as Engineer, rather than Sir/Madam in speech or Mr./Mrs./Ms. (G./Gng./Bb. in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in
itself or before the given name or surname.
.
French
"Ingénieur" title
.
It is sometimes told by urban
legends that in France, the "Ingénieur" title refers only to
membership of the French executive elite and has no relation to technological
skills. This is false, engineer is the title of someone who succeeded in engineers
schools. There are many different kind of engineer schools in France like in
other countries. Some engineer schools are more famous than others. Examples of
French famous engineer schools are Polytechnique, Supelec, Institut
national des sciences appliquées, Institut
Mines-Télécom, Ecole
nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers, École
Centrale Paris. Polytechnique and ENSAM have their roots in the French
revolution and some of their alumni become famous either as scientists (Henri
Poincaré), CEO of international companies (Bernard Arnault)
or as politicians (Valéry
Giscard d'Estaing).
.
Polytechnique is even different
of other engineer schools as education lasts 6 years instead of 5, with the
last year being of specialization in one specific technique. It is also a
military school. Most schools of higher education that were created during the
French revolution have a special status in French people mind. They helped to
make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to
the industrial state that France was in the 19th century. A great part of 19th
century France's richness was created by engineers coming from Polytechnique or
Ecole des mines. This was also the case after the WWII, when France had to be
rebuilt.
.
Before the "réforme René Haby"
in the 70's, it was very difficult to become a French engineer (hence the term
"faire les Grandes
Écoles" in language of older people), nowadays after the Haby reform
and a string of further reforms Modernization
plans of French universities it is much more common to access those schools
and the French elite comes more from École
nationale d'administration for managers or politicians and École
normale supérieure for scientists. Engineers are less highlighted in
current French economy as industry provides less than a quarter of the GDP.
.
Corporate culture
.
OPTICS
.
In companies and other
organizations, there is sometimes a tendency to undervalue people with advanced
technological and scientific skills compared to celebrities, fashion
practitioners, entertainers and managers.
.
OPTICS
In his book The
Mythical Man-Month,[22]
Fred Brooks Jr says that managers think of senior people as "too
valuable" for technical tasks, and that management jobs carry higher
prestige.
He tells how some laboratories,
such as Bell Labs, abolish all job titles to overcome this problem: a
professional employee is a "member of the technical staff."
.
IBM maintain a dual ladder of
advancement; the corresponding managerial and engineering or scientific rungs
are equivalent. Brooks recommends that structures need to be changed; the boss
must give a great deal of attention to keeping his managers and his technical
people as interchangeable as their talents
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